American Revolution Essays - British East India Company, Tea Act

American Revolution Essays - British East India Company, Tea Act American Revolution In this Essay I will point out the different causes that led up to the American Revolution. The main three reasons are Political, Economic and Social Causes. In my opinion of the American Revolution the Political reason was the most important, because for the most part the colonists did not agree that the Parliament had the right to make laws for American colonists and to tax them when the colonists had no elected representatives in the Parliament. The Economic causes of the Revolution are second most important. In the eyes of Great Britain the American colonists? primary job was to build a favorable balance of trade. With a favorable balance of trade a nation could be self-sufficient, become wealthy and build a powerful army and navy. However the British laws were to hard on the American colonists. The Sugar Act of 1764, placed taxes on molasses, sugar and other products imported from places outside the British empire. Most of the colonists openly broken the law by smuggling, Since no one obeyed the laws the British cut the tax to a sixth of what it was. later on the British tried to enforce the Sugar Act by inspecting ships and searching homes for smuggled goods. Even thought Britain cut the taxes on molasses, the Sugar Act still cut into the business of colonial merchants and shipowners, and rum distillers. Other events such as the Stamp Act, and the Tea Act were the beginning signs of the revolution, The Tea ! Act levied a tax on the tea imported from the East India Company. The colonists got mad and destroyed 342 chests of tea. The Political causes of the Revolution were the proclamation of 1763 which were plans to reduce conflicts with the colonists and the Indians. It stated that no one was permitted to cross the mountains without the consent of British officials. American fur traders who wanted to settle the western lands resented the Proclamation. The other cause of the Revolution was the Boston Massacre. Which took place on March 5, 1770. A large crowd gathered in Boston around soldiers of the 29th British Regiment, the crowd yelled insults and threw snowballs, matters got out of hand and as the mob got closer someone gave an order to fire. Three civilians were killed and two badly wounded. As the news spread Boston civilians got angered and demanded that all British troops we withdrawn from the city. I think that all these events had an equally important roll in the American Revolution, especially the so called Boston Massacre. It gave the most obvious reason for the American Revolution. The British soldiers and the policies were harmful to the development of the new nation.

Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius

Difference Between Atomic Radius and Ionic Radius You cant simply whip out a yardstick or ruler to measure the size of an  atom. These  building blocks  of all matter  are much too small, and, since  electrons  are always in motion, the diameter of an atom is a bit fuzzy. Two measures used to describe atomic size are  atomic radius and  ionic radius. The two are very similar- and in some cases, even the same- but there are minor and important differences between them. Read on to learn more about these two ways to measure an atom. Key Takeaways: Atomic vs Ionic Radius There are different ways to measure the size of the atom, including atomic radius, ionic radius, covalent radius, and van der Waals radius.The atomic radius is half the diameter of a neutral atom. In other words, it is half the diameter of an atom, measuring across the outer stable electrons.The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. This value may be the same as the atomic radius, or it may be larger for anions and the same size of smaller for cations.Both atomic and ionic radius follow the same trend on the periodic table. Generally, radius decreases moving across a period (row) and increases moving down a group (column). Atomic Radius The atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outermost stable electron of a neutral atom. In practice, the value is obtained by measuring the diameter of an atom and dividing it in half. The radii of neutral atoms ranges from 30 to 300 pm or trillionths of a meter. The atomic radius is a term used to describe the size of the  atom, however, there is no standard definition for this value. Atomic radius may actually refer to the  ionic radius,  as well as the  covalent radius, metallic radius, or  van der Waals radius. Ionic Radius The ionic radius is half the distance between two gas atoms that are just touching each other. Values range from 30 pm to over 200 pm. In a neutral atom, the atomic and ionic radius are the same, but many elements exist as anions or cations. If the atom loses its outermost electron (positively charged or cation), the ionic radius is smaller than the atomic radius because the atom loses an electron energy shell. If the atom gains an electron (negatively charged or anion), usually the electron falls into an existing energy shell so the size of the ionic radius and atomic radius are comparable. The concept of ionic radius is further complicated by the shape of atoms and ions. While particles of matter are often depicted as spheres, they arent always round. Researchers have discovered chalcogen ions are actually ellipsoid in shape. Trends in the  Periodic Table Whichever method you use to describe atomic size, it displays a trend or periodicity in the periodic table. Periodicity refers to the recurring trends that are seen in the element properties.  These trends became apparent to  Demitri Mendeleev  when he arranged the elements in order of increasing mass. Based on the properties that were displayed  by the known elements, Mendeleev was able to predict where there were holes in his table, or elements yet to be discovered. The  modern periodic table  is very similar to Mendeleevs table but today, elements are ordered by increasing  atomic number, which reflects  the number of protons  in an atom. There arent any undiscovered elements,  although new elements  can be created that have even higher numbers of protons. Atomic and ionic radius increase as you move down a column (group) of the periodic table because an electron shell is added to the atoms. Atomic size decreases as you move across a row- or period- of the table because the increased number of protons exerts a stronger pull on the electrons. Noble gasses are the exception. Although the size of a noble gas atom does increase as you move down the column, these atoms are larger than the preceding atoms in a row. Sources Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6. Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed., p.1385). Wiley. 1988. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.Pauling, L. The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1960Wasastjerna, J. A. On the Radii of Ions.  Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn.  1  (38): 1–25. 1923

Human Resource Management Strategies and Planning Essay

Human Resource Management Strategies and Planning - Essay Example Keeping all the diversity of present day organizational structure in view, it is evident that the human resource directed towards the achievement of the strategic goals has to be expertly handled to get full dividends. With the present fluid market and competitive environment, it is evident that should not arise a situation in which the organization achieves its strategic objective without incorporating the changes to improve or simply bringing in line with the fluctuating environment. This fact in itself amplifies the HRM concept’s importance. HRM in such case will not only be restricted to selection and realigning of the human resource available. It should have to be closely monitored and implemented with the required changes. If there is any change required in the organization there are some fundamentals which are to be followed. Among them, the most essential are accessibility to knowledge about change by all the effected knowledge of the need for the change, acceptability for the change, resources made available to implement it and discipline in the human resource to implement it. With such a challenging requirement, it is essential that HRM be made effective and prudent enough to address it. With â€Å"change management† in mind, the HRM has to make an effort for managing the human resource in a manner that not only it is competent and fit enough to achieve the objectives but also should be flexible enough to incorporate the changes required.

Yum brand expatriate management in Beijing, China Essay

Yum brand expatriate management in Beijing, China - Essay Example mpanies has indicated a significant increase among multi-national businesses ranging from manufacturing companies to food and hotel industries (rphrm.curtin.edu.au). The use of expatriates as a means of ensuring that businesses succeed in international markets has been associated with various benefits. Yum brand is an American Fast Food Company, with over 40,000 restaurants distributed in various parts of the World. Yum brand has implemented various operational strategies geared towards facilitating its success in the current highly competitive fast food industry. One of the operational strategies that has been applied by the company to facilitate its success in foreign markets i.e. China is the application of expatriates, who are sent to manage its branches in foreign markets. This discussion will focus on ways that may be used by the company to increase expatriate effectiveness i.e. how the company may select, prepare and train its employees for an expatriate assignment. Additionally, the discussion will focus on describing how the company may ensure appropriate repatriation of its employees i.e. safe return of the expatriates to the company in the United States. The discussion will also highlight and explicate characteristics of the Host Country, which is China, placing a particular emphasis on why Yum Brands sent its expatriates to the Chinese Market. The effective performance of an expatriate in any foreign country begins by the selection process. In the case of Yum Brand, the selection of a employees to undertake expatriate missions in China should be based on selection characteristics that consider; technical competencies of employees, family situation i.e. considering whether one is married or not, personality traits i.e. inter-personal skills or an employee’s interest in performing expatriate missions and environmental variables i.e. cultural dimensions of the host nation as well as the needs of a qualified expatriate (rphrm.curtin.edu.au). After

The Face of the Terrorist Essay Example for Free

The Face of the Terrorist Essay A faceless enemy. It has been eights years after the September 11 attack in the United States of America. Several people died and it was also the same time when the Unites States of America government contemplate on how the terrorists look like. Terrorists had been faceless for all we know and we do not even have any idea about them until Osama bin Laden was identified by Bush. The knowledge about terrorism and terrorists has been very limited but in some occasions and in present, the internet was able to give face to the faceless enemy and as soon as Bush gave bin Laden’s name, it was the start of identifying more faces of the enemy. In this paper, the author ought to explain terrorism and the face of terrorists wherein images from online sources and references are presented by the author to justify what she was pertaining to in line with terrorist’s face. Using Racialist, Sexism and Fascism ways, the author explained her argument and gave a face to the nameless enemy. At the same time, it was not the face of the enemies alone that was tackled in this paper but also the different faces of terror which was marked when Al Qaeda, the name given to Osama bin Laden’s organization as western and media name attacked United States of America. Considering the primitive years wherein pictures are not yet existing, identification of someone, probably a suspect or a colleague is hard to do and the mind was the only one who does the job of recognizing culprits and acquaintances. In present generation, mug shots are used to identify criminals and soon after to relate them with one another to solve a certain crime. Offerings several incidents and examples, the author named and identified when a terror becomes and terror and how those who were victims became the terrorists. As she presented two faces of people, the victim and the terrorist, it seems that these two can trade places and with sacrifice and revenge present, it is not impossible to have another kind of terror from a different kind of terrorists. Stereotyping was of course an unfair act and yet, we cannot help but guard ourselves from people who have turbans on their heads and all bearded like Santa Claus, only that they were not the good ones. America might be too cautious to a person who has a diaper on their head and a fan belt in it and decide to pull them off (Engle, 2009) but we can never blame them, after all, the leader of Al Qaeda looks like that and although there are heroes presented, they should also be cautious about what they were doing because defacement is much easier than being really the good ones. Critique Karen Engle’s analysis of the faces of terrors and the terrorists allow us to understand the distinction and the stereotypes made by the people, especially those in the government to identify them as crime promoters and culprits. An analysis that gives light to the unknowns in present and the many questions arising from the attacks, both previous and recent ones, this article was informational enough to be endorsed to people of any age, except to those who were still too young to understand that in this world, safe is not safe until we are sure of the people we are dealing with. While we can consider the victims as real victims, looking on the other side of the story, we will understand that they are not victims until the end. As long as there are revenge and sacrifice, it will be easy to understand that people, terrorist or not are capable of doing anything that can terrorize people around them. This paper had served as a lesson to be learned that allows the readers to be open minded and to stop stereotyping people. List of References Engle, Karen. The Face of a Terrorist. Sage Publications. Online Version from http://csc. sagepub. com/cgi/reprint/7/4/397

evilhod Uncovering Evil in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay exa

Uncovering Evil in Heart of Darkness In Heart of Darkness, a novel written by Joseph Conrad, the literary characters are forced into a web of darkness and evil as they enter the heart of the African Congo. However, the Congo itself is not the true evil, but the darkness instead lies within the dimming hearts of mankind. Conrad uses the literal darkness of the African jungle as a contrast to societies "supposed" enlightenment to show how the morals of civilized man are broken down when exposed to what they claim to be "savagery." This contrast is most evident in the different settings, the changes in civilized individuals as they venture deeper into Africa, and the final collapse of white man under the darkness of the innermost Congo. The setting of Heart of Darkness has a profound role in depicting the evil that radiates from the African Congo. Marlow, the protagonist and assumed narrator, presents his story on a boat in the dark of night, as if attempting to create a sense of internal darkness or evil from the black night. This setting serves to foreshadow eve... evilhod Uncovering Evil in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Essay exa Uncovering Evil in Heart of Darkness In Heart of Darkness, a novel written by Joseph Conrad, the literary characters are forced into a web of darkness and evil as they enter the heart of the African Congo. However, the Congo itself is not the true evil, but the darkness instead lies within the dimming hearts of mankind. Conrad uses the literal darkness of the African jungle as a contrast to societies "supposed" enlightenment to show how the morals of civilized man are broken down when exposed to what they claim to be "savagery." This contrast is most evident in the different settings, the changes in civilized individuals as they venture deeper into Africa, and the final collapse of white man under the darkness of the innermost Congo. The setting of Heart of Darkness has a profound role in depicting the evil that radiates from the African Congo. Marlow, the protagonist and assumed narrator, presents his story on a boat in the dark of night, as if attempting to create a sense of internal darkness or evil from the black night. This setting serves to foreshadow eve...

Leased Line

Leased Line:- A leased line is a private high-performance circuit leased by a common carrier between a customer and a service provider’s network. It is rented on an annual basis and usually carries voice and data or both. Leased lines are mostly used for either internet access (Internet Leased Line) or used privately between two customer sites (Point to Point Leased Line). Unlike a dial-up connection, a leased line is always active. Similarly unlike broadband, a leased line is not contended or shared and delivers dedicated guaranteed bandwidth straight to the internet backbone.Customers pay a premium for a leased line and it is supported by a comprehensive Service-Level Agreement (SLA) with a guaranteed fix time and a compensation clause. Otherwise referred to as a point to point, private circuit, private line or dedicated access. Leased Line History: Leased lines services (or private line services) became digital in the 1970s with the conversion of the Bell backbone network f rom analog to digital circuits.This conversion allowed AT&T to offer Dataphone Digital Services (later re-branded digital data services) that started the deployment of ISDN and T1 lines to customer premises to connect. With the extension of digital services in the 1980s leased lines were used to connect customer premises to Frame Relay or ATM networks. Access data rates increased from the original T1 option up to T3 circuits. Access data rates also evolved dramatically to speeds of up to 10Gbit/s in the early 21st century with the Internet boom and increased offering in long-haul optical networks or Metropolitan Area Networks.

Fast Food Essay

Introduction In this modern era where the flows of customers are increasing towards fast food restaurants, it is more challenging to offer good customers service. It is also imperative that you maintain a high degree of consistency in your offerings, which prevents you from alienating your customers. The Philippine Star (1997) described the Filipinos are fast food lovers. They enjoy tasty meals. They go to restaurants serving smorgasbords in a luncheon or supper buffet offerings a variety of foods and dishes. These restaurants, most especially attract students. They are the group of people that regularly patronize fast food restaurants, which accounts for the sudden boom in the fast food industry. To become successful in the industry the company must knows the preference of their consumer towards fast foods restaurant. Fast food restaurants are a breakthrough from traditional catering methods and standards. They have resulted in more sophisticated operations and styles for services. They have provided flexibility and comfort with reasonable prices. Their services are within the level of that can satisfy customers with various tastes, drives, and upbringing. Customer satisfaction has been one of the measurable objectives of other service-oriented establishments. It is to the satisfaction of the customer’s needs that the business strives. Research Objective In this research, aims to determine the preferences of the customer towards fast food restaurant. And specifically it aims to answer the ff. questions: 1. What is the consumer demographic profile most likely to purchase our product? 2. What is the frequency, and kinds of foods they most likely to purchase in a fast food restaurant? 3. Do our customers purchase based on price? The Methodology Research Approach A research problem might state the need to identify or determine the consumer preferences towards fast foods restaurants. The proposed methodology is a descriptive research because it is the best method to collect data get the proper information and confirm the findings. Research Proposal (Fast Food Industry) To study the attitude towards consumption of healthy food within the fast food industry. Background We are a marketing research team of a fast food chain store. With increasing awareness about healthy food among the masses and with consumer preferences changing towards healthy food, we intend to launch a health food segment to cater to this need of the customers. We are also concerned about the pricing of the product that whether it should be priced same as that of normal fast food or the customers would be willing to pay a premium for healthy food. But before launching that product we want to know that â€Å"Is it worth it to our fast food restaurant to market healthy food†. To answer this management decision problem, we intend to conduct a marketing research within the region of West Delhi. Introduction * What is fast food? Definition1. Fast food have been defined by Bender and Bender (1995) as a â€Å"general term used for a limited menu of foods that lend themselves to production-line techniques; suppliers tend to specialize in products such as hamburgers, pizzas, chicken, or sandwiches†. Definition2. In Data Monitor’s (2005) survey the fast food market is defined as the sale of food and drinks for immediate consumption either on the premises or in designated eating areas shared with other foodservice operators, or for consumption elsewhere. Definition3. As per â€Å"the free dictionary† fast food is â€Å"inexpensive food, such as hamburgers and fried chicken, prepared and served quickly†. Definition4.According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary fast food is â€Å"designed for ready availability, use, or consumption and with little consideration given to quality or significance * Why fast food? * Brief history of fast food industry in India * Fast food industry trend, facts and figures, key players in India * According to a study by the Tata Strategic Management Group, the size of the  Indian health-and-wellness food†¦ Research Objectives To examine the most popular fast food among UMP students. To identify the effect of fast food consumption to the UMP students’ life. To investigate the awareness level of the effect of fast food consumption among UMP student. What is the most popular fast food among UMP? What is the effect of fast food consumption to the UMP students’ life? What is the awareness level of the effect of fast food consumption among UMP students? participant UMP Students Faculty of Technology 60 respondents 30 males and 30 females

20 Descriptive Essay Topics on Life in Kenya Based on #8220;A Primate#8217;s Memoir#8221;

20 Descriptive Essay Topics on Life in Kenya Based on #8220;A Primate#8217;s Memoir#8221; When you are tasked with writing a descriptive essay on life in Kenya based on a book, you have to be selective about the topic you choose. It should be something the author wrote about, something that you can take as a single moment, a single activity, or a single day, and convey in vivid detail to the reader utilizing all of the five senses. Below you will find a list of 20 topics for a descriptive essay on life in Kenya: Concepts about Baboon Society that Overturn Common Misconceptions about Their Social Life. Correlation between Each Stage of Development Ascendancies of an Alpha Male in the Tribe Significant Impact of the Masai Effects of Chronic Stress on the Human and Animal Brain How Social Behavior is Related to Stress Diseases How Emotional Life is Related to Stress Diseases How Social Rank is Related to Stress Diseases Euphoria from Shooting a Baboon with an Anaesthetizing Dart Recognition of Common Scams by the Poor-Ridden Africans upon American Visitors Kindness and the Deceits of the Masai Role Played by the Hypothalamus in the Brain Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Living with an Alpha Male Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Adolescents Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Living with and Communicating with People You Don’t Know Short Term vs Long Term Stress of Trying to Complete Studies without Close Friends or Family Describe the Physiological Impact that Cortisol Has When You Are out Observing a Fight. Pilgrimage to the Ruwenzoris Mountains of the Moon or Mount Karisimbi Odd Behavior Seen among Humans Compared to Baboons These topics are all quite cool, aren’t they? Of course it is still helpful sometimes to have more than just a topic to guide you in your writing quest. In most cases students will find that they are more comfortable starting out on their writing endeavor if they know what specifically is expected of them. And here we also have what to suggest 12 facts about life in Kenya based on Primates Memoir. That is why having a sample can help teach the structure, organization, and use of evidence or descriptions necessary for any writing piece. Below you will find an essay sample on one of the topics above: An Extract from a Descriptive Essay on Life in Kenya based on A Primates Memoir The wind shifted. With it came a fresh gust of red dirt blown up around my feet in swirling patterns devoid of life, and up my nostrils where the associated river stench from the village accosted me. But with the shift in the wind came new sounds. My head cocked so my left ear might gain better audio, the sound of a scream. Then another. Suddenly the lone female scream which tore at my ears like nails on a chalkboard was supported by a cacophony of male voices, each declaring that the elephants had come back. They ate our tents. They stood above them as a starved man waits above a buffet table gorging himself. Then there was only red dirt again. They removed our shields, our protection from the blazing heat that sears to the bone and from the wild animals that prey. It would be time to rebuild later. Right now the perception of the threat triggered the stress response. I looked for the baby, held it close and whispered murmurs of assurance as I felt all non-essential body functions stop and all energy diverted to the brain and the muscles. My heart was beating faster. Blood was flowing to every tingling end of my body. The adrenal glands released adrenaline. The sugar in my body increased with the heart rate. I could feel my heart beating through my chest and held the baby close in an attempt to prevent it from escaping. With raised levels of cortisol I was ready to dash out of the way of the herd, my decision making skills seemingly the only mental function working as of late. My eye sight became razor sharp, cognizant of ever flutter or moving leaf. The wind which was previously tangy in scent but light in waves and pressure became a deep howl whose echo could be used to trace the movements. The ground vibrating beneath my feet indicated the strength with which the herd moved, the swiftness, and the force. The thumps grew in size, the vibrations swelled. My eyes caught sight of peripheral movement and I dove behind a tree as the group came rushing through the lands. Then it was over. Calm was restored around the aftermath of the herd trampling through the land. The wind calmed in tune with my heart. The baby was looking at me with eyes bewildered, confused, and all at once accepting of and reflecting my face. My brow was furrowed; I noticed when I consciously smiled at the infant and felt it unfurrow. My lips were pressed firmly, the dry African heat parching them beyond recognition, and they cracked in release when I smiled at the baby. The child was incredibly sensitive to emotional expression and this sensitivity must be a crucial component for the development of stress and how the brain handles stress. My emotionally expressive influence taught in that moment, how the children should encode emotions. References: Baker, Jack, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. Essay writing.  Retrieved April  25 (2013): 2014. Crossley, Scott A., Laura K. Allen, and Danielle S. McNamara. A Multi-Dimensional analysis of essay writing.  Multi-Dimensional Analysis, 25 years on: A tribute to Douglas Biber  60 (2014): 197. McEwen, B. S. (2011, September). Effects of stress on the developing brain. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science  (Vol. 2011). Dana Foundation. Pennisi, Elizabeth. Baboon watch.  Science  346.6207 (2014): 292-295. Redman, Peter, and Wendy Maples.  Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. Sage Publications, 2011. Sapolsky, Robert M.  A primates memoir: a neuroscientists unconventional life among the baboons. Simon and Schuster, 2007. Szalay, Frederick S., and Eric Delson.  Evolutionary history of the primates. Academic Press, 2013.

All About the Animals Belonging to Class Asteroidea

All About the Animals Belonging to Class Asteroidea While the classification name, Asteroidea, may not be familiar, the organisms it contains probably are. Asteroidea includes the sea stars, commonly called starfish. With about 1,800 known species, sea stars are a variety of sizes, colors and are a wide-ranging marine invertebrate. Description Organisms in the Class Asteroidea have several arms (usually between 5 and 40) arranged around a central disk. Asteroideas Water Vascular System The central disk contains the madreporite, an opening that lets water into the asteroids water vascular system. Having a water vascular system means that sea stars have no blood, but bring water in through their madreporite and move it through a series of canals, where it is then used to propel their tube feet. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: EchinodermataClass: Asteroidea The Asteroidea are known as the true stars, and are in a separate class from the brittle stars, which have a more defined separation between their arms and their central disk. Habitat and Distribution Asteroidea can be found in oceans around the world, inhabiting a wide range of water depths, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea. Feeding Asteroids feed on other, usually sessile organisms such as barnacles and mussels. The crown-of-thorns starfish, however, is causing extensive damage by predation on coral reefs. The mouth of an asteroid is located on its underside. Many asteroids feed by expelling their stomach and digesting their prey outside their body. Reproduction Asteroids may reproduce sexually or asexually. There are male and female sea stars, but they are indistinguishable from one another. These animals reproduce sexually by releasing sperm or eggs into the water, which, once fertilized, become free-swimming larvae that later settle to the ocean bottom. Asteroids reproduce asexually by regeneration. It is possible for a sea star to not only regenerate an arm but also nearly its entire body if at least a portion of the sea stars central disc remains.

Abacus in the world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abacus in the world - Research Paper Example mechanical frame containing several rods on which are mounted wooden beads which can be slid manually into different positions and combinations to represent numbers† (188). Materials used to make early abacuses in different regions varied. For example, among the Maya and Aztec people of Mesoamerica, maize kernels threaded on strings were used instead of beads, while the Inca people who lived in Peru centuries ago had an abacus that was made up of a â€Å"tray with compartments that were arranged in rows in which counters were moved in order to make calculations† (Keoke and Porterfield 1). The abacus originated from the Middle East thousands of years ago. Jain asserts that its evolution took place in 3000 B.C. (7). Darling points out that â€Å"the word appears to come from the Hebrew á ºÅ¡bá ºÅ¡q (dust) or the Phoenician abak (sand) via the Greek abax, which refers to a small tray covered with sand to hold the pebbles steady† (3). Over the centuries, there have been different types of abacuses. The first type was called suanpan and was used in China in 1300 (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney 349). There is no agreement regarding who invented this type of abacus but it is that believed it was the Chinese, Japanese or Koreans. Barnes-Svarney and Svarney affirm that â€Å"although merchants used this type of abacus for standard addition and subtraction operations, it could also be used to determine square and cube roots of numbers† (349). The other type of abacus was the soroban or the Japanese abacus. Apart from the fact that it lacked a bead in the upper and lower deck of every column, it was very similar to the Chinese abacus. The Roman abacus also had one bead lacking from the upper and lower deck of every column making it very similar to the Japanese abacus. According to Barnes-Svarney and Svarney, â€Å"the Russians also have their own version of an abacus; it uses ten beads on each wire, and a single deck† (349). To separate the two wires, a wire with fewer beads is